Original Article. Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma. James Larkin, M.D., Ph.D., Vanna Chiarion-Sileni, M.D., Rene Gonzalez, M.D.

Background Nivolumab was associated with higher rates of objective response than chemotherapy in a phase 3 study involving patients with ipilimumab-refractory. We can’t help it: sometimes we just hate certain cars. It could be because of the way they look, drive or how they were made. This can happen despite the badge it.

Cataract Presentation (Video) - Tim. Root. com. This video- rich presentation focuses on cataracts, the history of surgery, and modern implants used today. Neat stuff! Download: Cataract. Larry Gaye (2015) Movie Divx. Intro. m. 4v (1. 25mb)Screenshots from this lecture: (comments below)Using this eye model, I show how the normally clear lens can turn cloudy.

This occurs because of UV light, oxidation reactions, and the accumulation of water insoluble proteins that cause the tissue to opacify. The lens/cataract sits immediately underneath or behind the iris (the colored part of the eye). Normally, you can’t see a cataract externally because the inner eye is dark . This cataract is turning brown and glows like muddy water. We believe that cataract surgery first began in ancient Egypt. The Egyptian surgeon would chew on an opiate concoction, and spit this anesthetic mixture into the eye of his patient. Couching is when the surgeon pushes on the cataract lens with a needle.

Eventually, the supporting zonule “springs” will break, and the lens falls into the bottom of the eye. During World War II, fighter pilots had pieces of Plexiglas shrapnel lodge inside the eye.

Amazingly, this plastic didn’t become inflamed or cause infection, so modern lens implants were considered. Early cataract surgery was somewhat barbaric, requiring large incisions and removal of the cataract in one giant piece. It was also hard to find a place to insert the new implant that wouldn’t cause damage to the delicate inner structures of the eye.

One great advance in surgery was the refinement of the surgical microscope. Most surgeries prior were used with magnified lens loupes like you see here. The second great advance in surgery was the recognition that the cataract/lens has three layers like a peanut M& M candy. In this hypermature cataract, you can see that the cortex (the chocolate of the cataract) has liquefied and turned white. The inner nucleus (the peanut of the cataract) has gotten very hard and sunken to the bottom of the capsule (the outer candy shell). After removing the inner nucleus and cortex of the original cataract, we now have a capsular “bag” with a hole in the front.

This is like a little basket, and we can put our new foldable implants directly into this little pocket. Modern implants are made of flexible acrylic plastic. They have a central “optic” and little arms called “haptics” that act as springs to center the implant and hold it in place. One of the great challenges with vision is astigmatism. It is easy to fix astigmatism with glasses, as we grind the correction directly into the glass and make sure it offsets the eye’s refractive error.

New “toric implants” can fix astigmatism as well. After placing the implant in the eye, I spin it so that is perfectly offsets your natural astigmatism. One difficulty we have as we get older is the inability to focus at near.

We need “cheater glasses” after age 4. After normal cataract surgery, everyone needs cheaters . We can look at underwater creatures for clues to making this technology possible.

Fish can focus at near, despite having rock- hard lenses in their eyes (very similar to our hard plastic implants) by moving their lens forward and backward. This focuses just like a telescope. There is an implant now that does the same thing. The Crystalens implant has hinges in it that allow the implant rotate forward and backwards.

This does help somewhat with distance and near vision, but I’ve been somewhat underwhelmed by the results. The anablep, a South American fish can give us some ideas. This fish is also called the “four- eyed fish” because it swims at the surface of the water, with half its eyes out of the water. This allows the fish to see predators from above, and food below.

That’s because this fish has a bifocal built into its eye. Thus, it has a “multifocal lens” inside the eye. The Restor lens is an implant we use these days. How To Download Glass Chin (2015) The Full Movie there.

This implant has concentric rings that alternate between distance and near focus. This multi- focal lens gives patients some near vision and distance vision, potentially without the need for glasses at all. There are some tradeoffs with contrast sensitivity and mild halos, but if you screen your patients carefully, most people like it. To conclude, surgery has improved over the past century, and implant technology has given our patients many options.